Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder, Its Relationship to Diabetes Mellitus, and the Need for Effective Treatment
Adhesive capsulitis (AC) is a common condition that presents with capsular pattern of the glenohumeral joint and is commonly linked with pain and loss of shoulder mobility. It is sometimes referred to as frozen shoulder or painful stiff shoulder. Idiopathic AC is more common in patients with diabetes and middle-aged women; other causes include advanced age, prior trauma, dyslipidemia, hypertension, stroke, and hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of AC in diabetes was reported 13.4%1 and 32.3% [2], with a greater incidence in urban dwellers and high-income people. Its incidence is approximately 2% in the general population and there was a strong correlation between poor glycemic status, the length of DM, and AC.2